Cleaning
Validation in Pharmaceuticals
Cleaning Validattion In Pharma, Purpose: To describe the procedure
for carrying out cleaning validation for manufacturing equipment for the change
over of the drug substance or drug intermediate
Prior to conducting a cleaning validation study on
a drug substance or drug intermediate, cleaning media or solvent shall be
selected for cleaning of equipments and Analytical methodology.
Approach for selection of cleaning media or solvent
The selection of the
cleaning media shall be carried out based on following, and shall be documented
in Analytical Method Validation Protocol and Report.
- Solubility criteria
- Solvent
selection shall be derived from manufacturing process.
- Based
on the available literature or available information on the internet.
- More
cleaning effectiveness with optimum qty.
- Less
hazardous
- Cost
effectiveness
- Easy
to handle and available.
- Past
experience about the process
Approach for cleaning method validation
After selection of cleaning media, Analytical
Method Validation Protocol shall be executed for Cleaning Method validation and
selected solvent shall be used for the same
Following parameters shall be cover in Method
Validation
- Selection
of wavelength for cleaning samples on UV or HPLC
- System
precision
- Method
Precision
- Linearity
- Limit
of Detection (LOD)
- Limit
of Quantitation (LOQ)
- Solution
stability of standard solution
- Ruggedness
- Swab
recovery study
Procedure for
to determined the cleaning method validation
Selection of
wavelength:
Prepare the working standard solution of drug
substance or intermediate according to its acceptance criteria.
UV: Scan the working
standard solution of drug substance or intermediate in the range of 200-400 nm
in UV-Visible spectrophotometer, observe the maxima absorbance at the
wavelength. The wavelength shall be selected and fixed for the Analytical
Method Validation for cleaning.
Note: if the absorbance of
target concentration exceeds 1.00 Abs, value then UV method should not be
considered for analysis. Alternative test procedure should be followed.
HPLC: Validated “Assay by HPLC” method shall be
selected for the evaluation of the cleaning samples. If no validated analytical
method for quantification is available then the cleaning method validation
shall be performed and used.
System
Precision:
UV/ Visible Spectrophotometer: Measure the six
absorbances of working standard solution of drug substance or intermediate at
fixed or established wavelength. Calculate the % RSD of the absorbance. The %
RSD should not be more than 10%.
HPLC: Follow the validated “Assay by HPLC”, set the
chromatographic condition on HPLC and
inject the six replicate of working standard solution of drug substance
or intermediate. Measure the area response of the main peak of six replicate.
Calculate the % RSD of the area response of main peak. The % RSD should not be
more than 10%
Method
Precision:
UV/ Visible Spectrophotometer: Prepare the working standard solution of drug
substance or intermediate according to its acceptance criteria by weighing six
times separately and perform the measurements by UV. Calculate the % RSD of the
absorbance. The % RSD should not be more than 10%
HPLC : Prepare separately six working standard
solutions, inject individually and measure the area response of the main peak.
Calculate the % RSD of the area response of main peak. The % RSD should not be
more than 10%.
Linearity:
UV/ Visible
Spectrophotometer: Prepare the working standard solution of drug substance or
intermediate in singlet of different concentration such as 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%,
80%, 100 and 120% (minimum five different concentration shall be required) with
respect to the concentration of system precision solution. Measure the absorbance in three replicate of
each concentration. calculate the linearity curve correlation coefficient (R2)
between average absorbance of each working standard solution Vs Actual
concentration of standard solution. The correlation coefficient (R2)
should not be less than 0.99.
HPLC: Prepare the working standard solution of drug
substance or intermediate in singlete of different concentration such as 10%,
20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100 and 120% (minimum five different concentration shall be
required) with respect to the concentration of system precision solution. Measure the area response of thr three
replicate of each concentration. calculate the linearity curve correlation
coefficient (R2) between mean area response of each working standard
solution Vs Actual concentration of standard solution. The correlation
coefficient (R2) should not be less than 0.99.
Limit of
Detection (LOD):
The lowest concentration of an analyte in a sample
that can be detected but not necessarily quantified under the stated
experimental condition. The limit of detection will be evaluated based on the
standard deviation of the response and slope.
The detection limit may
express as:
3.3 x δ
DL = ------------
S
where
S = the slope of the
calibration curve
δ = standard error of the
linear regression
The calibration curve should be studied using
samples containing an analyte in the range of DL. The standard error of the linear
regression (STEYX) is used as standard deviation and it can be calculated by
Microsoft Excel.
Theoretical calculate the LOD value based on the
above formula and performed six replicate measurements at LOD level, calculate
the %RSD. The % RSD should not be more than 10.0%.
Limit of
Quantitation (LOQ):
The limit of quantitation is the lowest concentration of an analyte in a sample
that can be quantified with acceptable precision and accuracy under the stated
experimental conditions. The limit of quantitation will be evaluated based on
the standard deviation of the response and slope.
The quantitation limit may
expressed as:
10 x δ
QL = ------------
S
where
S = the slope of the
calibration curve
δ = standard error of the
linear regression
The calibration curve should be studies using
samples containing an analyte in the range of DL. The standard error of the
linear regression (STEYX) is used as standard deviation and it can be
calculated by Microsoft Excel.
Theoretically calculate the LOQ value based on the
above formula and perform six replicate measurements at LOQ level, calculate
the %RSD. The % RSD should not be more than 10.0%.
Solution
stability of standard solution: Prepare the standard solution of drug substance
or intermediate according to its
acceptance criteria and store at ambient temperature and perform the
measurement at ambient condition for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours. The percentage
degradation should not be more than 10%.
Ruggedness: Prepare the standard
solution of drug substance or intermediate according to its acceptance criteria by two different analyst
and perform the measurements in triplicate. The relative standard deviation for
triplicate analysis and also overall
relative standard deviation should not be more than 10%.
Swab recovery study: The swab recovery shall be
carried out by preparing the standard solution of known amount of analyte. It
should be performed each on Glass / SS
plate of 100 cm2. The recovery from Glass / SS surface shall
not be less than 80%.
Spike the solution on the
glass or stainless steel plate as per following method
Approach for setting acceptance criteria:
The approaches for setting
the acceptance criteria for cleaning are as following:1. No visible residue should be found on the equipment surface, after cleaning is performed.
2. Based on the MAR calculation: MAR (Maximum Allowable Residue) of the drug substance or intermediate in any other drug substance or intermediate, which to be manufactured in the same train of equipments.
MAR of Min. daily dosage of A (mg) x Min. Batch
output of B (kg) x 106
Product A =
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------in Product B (in mg) 1000 (SF) x Maximum daily dosage of B (mg)
where,
- Minimum
daily dose (mg/day) of the investigated drug substance or intermediate /
previous product.
- Minimum
Batch size (kg) and maximum daily dose (mg/day) for the next product (s).
- The
Safety Factor (SF) may be used for Topicals (10-100), Oral products
(100-1000) and Parenterals ( 1000-10000). The MAR matrix helps in
justifying the acceptance criteria for a cleaning validation.
Total carry over (Rinse and Swab samples) of the previous product should be less than the MAR value.
The least value of the above approaches, shall be considered as a limit of cleaning. How ever the care should be taken that the selected limit should be approximately 2 times LOQ or higher, for the selected analytical method.
Identification
of the sampling points for equipments:
Rational for selection of
sampling points: To choose the sampling points such that they represent worst case spots of the equipments. The worst case shall be defined based on:
Ø Maximum product contact area of the equipments e.g charging neck, side wall, shaft of stirrer, type of stirrer and bottom side or discharged out-let point of the equipments etc.
Ø Design of the train of equipments
Type of cleaning samples
Rinse Sample: Usually the API equipment shall be cleaned by several washing cycles (runs). Sometimes rinsing cycles/ runs (e.g. to rinse out the washing solvent) may follow the washing cycles. The quantitation of the amount of residue remaining in the equipment after cleaning shall be based on the last run of the routinely used cleaning procedure. The residue amount in the equipment can be assumed to be equal to the amount of residue in the last wash or rinse solvent portion. The assumption is based on the worst case consideration, that a further washing or rinsing run ( or any reaction ) would not wash more than the same amount of residue out of the equipment as the analysed solvent portion.
Swab Sample: During the swab sampling
usually a small area (10cm2) of the cleaned equipment is swabbed with a
pre-defined material and method (sampling technique and solvent). Subsequently
the swab is extracted and the extract examined
by a suitable validated analytical method. The swab point shall be
selected, based on hardest to clean.
Risk Assessment
Risk Assessment